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qián front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 293) / former / formerly
jiā Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC)
Zhōu surname Zhou / Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BC)
gōng yuán qián BCE (before the Common Era) / BC (before Christ)
Hàn Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
Lǎo Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德经 by Laozi
Xià the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407–432) / surname Xia
Zhuāng Zhuangzi (369-286 BC), Daoist author
Sūn Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武经七书
Kǒng Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子
Shāng Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) / surname Shang
Guó Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC
Qián Hàn Former Han dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 西汉, Western Han dynasty
zhàn guó late Warring States period, c. 250-221 BC before the First Emperor's Qin Dynasty
Qín surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陕西
Běi jīng rén Beijing resident / Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店, Beijing
Chǔ Hàn Zhàn zhēng Chu-Han Contention (206-202 BC), power struggle between Liu Bang 刘邦 of Han and Xiang Yu 项羽 of Chu
bǎi huā fàng , bǎi jiā zhēng míng a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC, but adopted for Mao's campaign of 1956
zòng Lián héng Vertical and Horizontal Alliance, opposing stratagems devised by the School of Diplomacy 纵横家 during the Warring States Period (425-221 BC)
Zhàn guó Shí dài the Warring States period (475-221 BC) / Japanese Warring States period (15th-17th century)


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