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前 |
qián | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly |
儒 |
Rú jiā | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) |
商 |
Shāng | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang |
秦 |
Qín | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陕西 |
陈 |
Chén | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 |
克 |
Kè | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神农 Farmer God |
明 |
Míng | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神农 Farmer God |
周 |
Zhōu gōng | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王, played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周, and is also known as the "God of Dreams" |
翼 |
Yì | surname Yi / alternative name for 绛, the capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) |
魏 |
Wèi | surname Wei / name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操, one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221-265 / Wei Prefecture or Wei County at various times in history |
汉 |
Hàn | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) |
卫 |
Wèi | surname Wei / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC), located in present-day Henan and Hebei Provinces |
赵 |
Zhào | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前赵 (304-329) and Later Zhao 后赵 (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms |
直 |
Zhí | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神农 Farmer God |
春 |
Chūn qiū | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) |
夏 |
Xià | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia |
启 |
Qǐ | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) |
绛 |
Jiàng | capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) |
战 |
Zhàn guó | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) |
孙 |
Sūn zǐ | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武经七书 |