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纵 |
zòng héng | lit. warp and weft in weaving; vertically and horizontal / length and breadth / criss-crossed / able to move unhindered / abbr. for 合纵连横, School of Diplomacy during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) |
前 |
qián | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly |
直 |
Zhí | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神农 Farmer God |
商 |
Shāng | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang |
启 |
Qǐ | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) |
薛 |
Xuē | surname Xue / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) |
夏 |
Xià | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia |
克 |
Kè | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神农 Farmer God |
大 |
Dà yùn | Mandate of Heaven / the Grand Canal, 1800 km from Beijing to Hangzhou, built starting from 486 BC / usually written 大运河 |
周 |
Zhōu gōng | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王, played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周, and is also known as the "God of Dreams" |
翼 |
Yì | surname Yi / alternative name for 绛 capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) |
魏 |
Wèi | surname Wei / name of vassal state of Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操, one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221-265 / Wei prefecture and Wei county at different historical periods |
秦 |
Qín | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / abbr. for 陕西 |
汉 |
Hàn | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) |
卫 |
Wèi | surname Wei / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC), located in present day Henan and Hebei Provinces |
赵 |
Zhào | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States Period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前赵 (304-329) and Later Zhao 后赵 (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms |
楚 |
Chǔ | surname Chu / abbr. for Hubei 湖北省 and Hunan 湖南省 provinces together / Chinese kingdom during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (722-221 BC) |
春 |
Chūn qiū | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) |
先 |
xiān Qín | pre-Qin, Chinese history up to the foundation of the Qin imperial dynasty in 221 BC |
姬 |
Jī | surname Ji / family name of the Zhou Dynasty 周代 (1046-256 BC) |